1. Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, Cabre P, Carroll W, Chitnis T, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Neurology 2015;85:177-189.
2. Mori M, Kuwabara S, Paul F. Worldwide prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018;89:555-556.
3. Flanagan EP, Cabre P, Weinshenker BG, Sauver JS, Jacobson DJ, Majed M, et al. Epidemiology of aquaporin-4 autoimmunity and neuromyelitis optica spectrum.
Ann Neurol 2016;79:775-783.
4. Jarius S, Paul F, Weinshenker BG, Levy M, Kim HJ, Wildemann B. Neuromyelitis optica.
Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020;6:85.
5. Jarius S, Kleiter I, Ruprecht K, Asgari N, Pitarokoili K, Borisow N, et al. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 3: brainstem involvement - frequency, presentation and outcome.
J Neuroinflammation 2016;13:281.
6. Bennett JL, O'Connor KC, Bar-Or A, Zamvil SS, Hemmer B, Tedder TF, et al. B lymphocytes in neuromyelitis optica.
Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2015;2:e104.
7. Stiebel-Kalish H, Hellmann MA, Mimouni M, Paul F, Bialer O, Bach M, et al. Does time equal vision in the acute treatment of a cohort of AQP4 and MOG optic neuritis?
Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2019;6:e572.
8. Kleiter I, Gahlen A, Borisow N, Fischer K, Wernecke KD, Hellwig K, et al. Apheresis therapies for NMOSD attacks: a retrospective study of 207 therapeutic interventions.
Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2018;5:e504.
9. Kim SH, Kim W, Huh SY, Lee KY, Jung IJ, Kim HJ. Clinical efficacy of plasmapheresis in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and effects on circulating anti-aquaporin-4 antibody levels.
J Clin Neurol 2013;9:36-42.
10. Bonnan M, Cabre P. Plasma exchange in severe attacks of neuromyelitis optica.
Mult Scler Int 2012;2012:787630.
11. Kleiter I, Gahlen A, Borisow N, Fischer K, Wernecke KD, Wegner B, et al. Neuromyelitis optica: evaluation of 871 attacks and 1,153 treatment courses.
Ann Neurol 2016;79:206-216.
12. Schwab I, Nimmerjahn F. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy: how does IgG modulate the immune system?
Nat Rev Immunol 2013;13:176-189.
13. Elsone L, Panicker J, Mutch K, Boggild M, Appleton R, Jacob A. Role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of acute relapses of neuromyelitis optica: experience in 10 patients.
Mult Scler 2014;20:501-504.
14. Lin J, Xue B, Zhu R, Pan J, Li J, Lin Y, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin as the rescue treatment in NMOSD patients.
Neurol Sci 2021;42:3857-3863.
15. Costanzi C, Matiello M, Lucchinetti CF, Weinshenker BG, Pittock SJ, Mandrekar J, et al. Azathioprine: tolerability, efficacy, and predictors of benefit in neuromyelitis optica.
Neurology 2011;77:659-666.
16. Elsone L, Kitley J, Luppe S, Lythgoe D, Mutch K, Jacob S, et al. Long-term efficacy, tolerability and retention rate of azathioprine in 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients: a multicentre retrospective observational study from the UK.
Mult Scler 2014;20:1533-1540.
17. Jiao Y, Cui L, Zhang W, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhang X, et al. Dose effects of mycophenolate mofetil in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a case series study.
BMC Neurol 2018;18:47.
18. Chen H, Zhang Y, Shi Z, Feng H, Yao S, Xie J, et al. The Efficacy and tolerability of mycophenolate mofetil in treating neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Western China.
Clin Neuropharmacol 2016;39:81-87.
19. Huh SY, Kim SH, Hyun JW, Joung AR, Park MS, Kim BJ, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
JAMA Neurol 2014;71:1372-1378.
20. Jacob A, Matiello M, Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM, Lucchinetti C, Shuster E, et al. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica with mycophenolate mofetil: retrospective analysis of 24 patients.
Arch Neurol 2009;66:1128-1133.
21. Chen H, Qiu W, Zhang Q, Wang J, Shi Z, Liu J, et al. Comparisons of the efficacy and tolerability of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine as treatments for neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
Eur J Neurol 2017;24:219-226.
22. Yang Y, Wang CJ, Wang BJ, Zeng ZL, Guo SG. Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and lower dosages of rituximab among patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
J Neurol Sci 2018;385:192-197.
23. Cree BA, Lamb S, Morgan K, Chen A, Waubant E, Genain C. An open label study of the effects of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica.
Neurology 2005;64:1270-1272.
24. Kim SH, Kim W, Li XF, Jung IJ, Kim HJ. Repeated treatment with rituximab based on the assessment of peripheral circulating memory B cells in patients with relapsing neuromyelitis optica over 2 years.
Arch Neurol 2011;68:1412-1420.
25. Pellkofer HL, Krumbholz M, Berthele A, Hemmer B, Gerdes LA, Havla J, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with neuromyelitis optica after repeated therapy with rituximab.
Neurology 2011;76:1310-1315.
26. Kim SH, Huh SY, Lee SJ, Joung A, Kim HJ. A 5-year follow-up of rituximab treatment in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
JAMA Neurol 2013;70:1110-1117.
27. Kim SH, Jeong IH, Hyun JW, Joung A, Jo HJ, Hwang SH, et al. Treatment Outcomes With rituximab in 100 patients with neuromyelitis optica: influence of FCGR3A polymorphisms on the therapeutic response to rituximab.
JAMA Neurol 2015;72:989-995.
28. Olivieri G, Nociti V, Iorio R, Stefanini MC, Losavio FA, Mirabella M, et al. Rituximab as a first-line treatment in pediatric neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
Neurol Sci 2015;36:2301-2302.
29. Zephir H, Bernard-Valnet R, Lebrun C, Outteryck O, Audoin B, Bourre B, et al. Rituximab as first-line therapy in neuromyelitis optica: efficiency and tolerability.
J Neurol 2015;262:2329-2335.
30. Kim SH, Kim Y, Kim G, Park NY, Jang HM, Shin HJ, et al. Less frequent rituximab retreatment maintains remission of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, following long-term rituximab treatment.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019;90:486-487.
31. Tahara M, Oeda T, Okada K, Kiriyama T, Ochi K, Maruyama H, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (RIN-1 study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Lancet Neurol 2020;19:298-306.
32. Cohen M, Romero G, Bas J, Ticchioni M, Rosenthal M, Lacroix R, et al. Monitoring CD27
+ memory B-cells in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders patients treated with rituximab: Results from a bicentric study.
J Neurol Sci 2017;373:335-338.
33. Lebrun C, Cohen M, Rosenthal-Allieri MA, Bresch S, Benzaken S, Marignier R, et al. only follow-up of memory B cells helps monitor rituximab administration to patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Neurol Ther 2018;7:373-383.
34. Ellwardt E, Ellwardt L, Bittner S, Zipp F. Monitoring B-cell repopulation after depletion therapy in neurologic patients.
Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2018;5:e463.
35. Li T, Zhang LJ, Zhang QX, Yang CS, Zhang C, Li YJ, et al. Anti-Rituximab antibody in patients with NMOSDs treated with low dose Rituximab.
J Neuroimmunol 2018;316:107-111.
36. Kim SH, Hyun JW, Kim HJ. Individualized B cell-targeting therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
Neurochem Int 2019;130:104347.
37. Avouac A, Maarouf A, Stellmann JP, Rico A, Boutiere C, Demortiere S, et al. rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and infections in AQP4 and MOG antibody-associated diseases.
Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2021;8.
38. Marcinno A, Marnetto F, Valentino P, Martire S, Balbo A, Drago A, et al. Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2018;5:e498.
39. Jeong IH, Park B, Kim SH, Hyun JW, Joo J, Kim HJ. Comparative analysis of treatment outcomes in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder using multifaceted endpoints.
Mult Scler 2016;22:329-339.
40. Torres J, Pruitt A, Balcer L, Galetta S, Markowitz C, Dahodwala N. Analysis of the treatment of neuromyelitis optica.
J Neurol Sci 2015;351:31-35.
41. Nikoo Z, Badihian S, Shaygannejad V, Asgari N, Ashtari F. Comparison of the efficacy of azathioprine and rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial.
J Neurol 2017;264:2003-2009.
42. Uzawa A, Mori M, Arai K, Sato Y, Hayakawa S, Masuda S, et al. Cytokine and chemokine profiles in neuromyelitis optica: significance of interleukin-6.
Mult Scler 2010;16:1443-1452.
43. Matsushita T, Tateishi T, Isobe N, Yonekawa T, Yamasaki R, Matsuse D, et al. Characteristic cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokine profiles in neuromyelitis optica, relapsing remitting or primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
PLoS One 2013;8:e61835.
44. Araki M, Matsuoka T, Miyamoto K, Kusunoki S, Okamoto T, Murata M, et al. Efficacy of the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica: a pilot study.
Neurology 2014;82:1302-1306.
45. Ringelstein M, Ayzenberg I, Harmel J, Lauenstein AS, Lensch E, Stogbauer F, et al. Long-term therapy with interleukin 6 receptor blockade in highly active neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
JAMA Neurol 2015;72:756-763.
46. Zhang C, Zhang M, Qiu W, Ma H, Zhang X, Zhu Z, et al. Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial.
Lancet Neurol 2020;19:391-401.
47. Weinstock-Guttman B, Ramanathan M, Lincoff N, Napoli SQ, Sharma J, Feichter J, et al. Study of mitoxantrone for the treatment of recurrent neuromyelitis optica (Devic disease).
Arch Neurol 2006;63:957-963.
48. Kim SH, Kim W, Park MS, Sohn EH, Li XF, Kim HJ. Efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone in patients with highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica.
Arch Neurol 2011;68:473-479.
49. Ramanathan RS, Malhotra K, Scott T. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica/neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with methotrexate.
BMC Neurol 2014;14:51.
50. Chen B, Wu Q, Ke G, Bu B. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus treatment for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
Sci Rep 2017;7:831.
51. Kageyama T, Komori M, Miyamoto K, Ozaki A, Suenaga T, Takahashi R, et al. Combination of cyclosporine a with corticosteroids is effective for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica.
J Neurol 2013;260:627-634.
52. Min JH, Kim BJ, Lee KH. Development of extensive brain lesions following fingolimod (FTY720) treatment in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
Mult Scler 2012;18:113-115.
53. Kim SH, Kim W, Li XF, Jung IJ, Kim HJ. Does interferon beta treatment exacerbate neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder?
Mult Scler 2012;18:1480-1483.
54. Ayzenberg I, Schollhammer J, Hoepner R, Hellwig K, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, et al. Efficacy of glatiramer acetate in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a multicenter retrospective study.
J Neurol 2016;263:575-582.
55. Azzopardi L, Cox AL, McCarthy CL, Jones JL, Coles AJ. Alemtuzumab use in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a brief case series.
J Neurol 2016;263:25-29.
56. Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, McKeon A, Mandrekar J, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF, et al. Eculizumab in AQP4-IgG-positive relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: an open-label pilot study.
Lancet Neurol 2013;12:554-562.
57. Pittock SJ, Berthele A, Fujihara K, Kim HJ, Levy M, Palace J, et al. Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
N Engl J Med 2019;381:614-625.
58. Cree BAC, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, Weinshenker BG, Pittock SJ, Wingerchuk DM, et al. Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (N-MOmentum): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial.
Lancet 2019;394:1352-1363.
59. Traboulsee A, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, Szczechowski L, Fox E, Shkrobot S, et al. Safety and efficacy of satralizumab monotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.
Lancet Neurol 2020;19:402-412.
60. Igawa T, Ishii S, Tachibana T, Maeda A, Higuchi Y, Shimaoka S, et al. Antibody recycling by engineered pH-dependent antigen binding improves the duration of antigen neutralization.
Nat Biotechnol 2010;28:1203-1207.
61. Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K, Palace J, Greenberg B, Zakrzewska-Pniewska B, et al. Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
N Engl J Med 2019;381:2114-2124.