1. Fisher CM. The arterial lesions underlying lacunes.
Acta Neuropathol 1968;12:1-15.
2. Fisher CM. Lacunes: Small, Deep Cerebral Infarcts.
Neurology 1965;15:774-784.
3. Mast H, Thompson JL, Voller H, Mohr JP, Marx P. Cardiac sources of embolism in patients with pial artery infarcts and lacunar lesions.
Stroke 1994;25:776-781.
4. Adachi T, Kobayashi S, Yamaguchi S, Okada K. MRI findings of small subcortical "lacunar-like" infarction resulting from large vessel disease.
J Neurol 2000;247:280-285.
5. Horowitz DR, Tuhrim S, Weinberger JM, Rudolph SH. Mechanisms in lacunar infarction.
Stroke 1992;23:325-327.
6. Bang OY, Heo JH, Kim JY, Park JH, Huh K. Middle cerebral artery stenosis is a major clinical determinant in striatocapsular small, deep infarction.
Arch Neurol 2002;59:259-263.
7. Baumgartner RW, Sidler C, Mosso M, Georgiadis D. Ischemic lacunar stroke in patients with and without potential mechanism other than small-artery disease.
Stroke 2003;34:653-659.
8. Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.
Stroke 1993;24:35-41.
9. Samuels OB, Joseph GJ, Lynn MJ, Smith HA, Chimowitz MI. A standardized method for measuring intracranial arterial stenosis.
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:643-646.
10. Tejada J, Diez-Tejedor E, Hernandez-Echebarria L, Balboa O. Does a relationship exist between carotid stenosis and lacunar infarction?
Stroke 2003;34:1404-1409.
11. Bae HJ, Lee J, Park JM, Kwon O, Koo JS, Kim BK, et al. Risk factors of intracranial cerebral atherosclerosis among asymptomatics.
Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;24:355-360.
12. Wong KS, Ng PW, Tang A, Liu R, Yeung V, Tomlinson B. Prevalence of asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis in high-risk patients.
Neurology 2007;68:2035-2038.
13. Kim JS CL, Wong KS. Intracranial Atherosclerosis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
14. Mayhan WG, Sharpe GM. Effect of cigarette smoke extract on arteriolar dilatation in vivo.
J Appl Physiol (1985) 1996;81:1996-2003.
15. Mazzone P, Tierney W, Hossain M, Puvenna V, Janigro D, Cucullo L. Pathophysiological impact of cigarette smoke exposure on the cerebrovascular system with a focus on the blood-brain barrier: expanding the awareness of smoking toxicity in an underappreciated area.
Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010;7:4111-4126.
16. Grinberg LT, Thal DR. Vascular pathology in the aged human brain.
Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2010;119:277-290.
17. Bezerra DC, Sharrett AR, Matsushita K, Gottesman RF, Shibata D, Mosley TH Jr, et al. Risk factors for lacune subtypes in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
Neurology 2012;78:102-108.
18. Zhang S, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Gao X, Zhang Q, Wang A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis in a community-based population of Chinese adults.
Eur J Neurol 2013;20:1479-1485.
19. Ferri N, Corsini A. Clinical evidence of statin therapy in non-dyslipidemic disorders.
Pharmacol Res 2014;88:20-30.
20. Nicholls SJ, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, Chapman MJ, Erbel RM, Libby P, et al. Effect of two intensive statin regimens on progression of coronary disease.
N Engl J Med 2011;365:2078-2087.
21. Kim HJ, Kim EK, Kwon SU, Kim JS, Kang DW. Effect of statin on progression of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis.
Can J Neurol Sci 2012;39:801-806.
22. Tan TY, Kuo YL, Lin WC, Chen TY. Effect of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of intracranial arterial stenosis.
J Neurol 2009;256:187-193.
23. Fisher CM. Lacunar strokes and infarcts: a review.
Neurology 1982;32:871-876.
24. Lammie GA. Hypertensive cerebral small vessel disease and stroke.
Brain Pathol 2002;12:358-370.
25. Caplan LR. Intracranial branch atheromatous disease: a neglected, understudied, and underused concept.
Neurology 1989;39:1246-1250.
26. Nah HW, Kang DW, Kwon SU, Kim JS. Diversity of single small subcortical infarctions according to infarct location and parent artery disease: analysis of indicators for small vessel disease and atherosclerosis.
Stroke 2010;41:2822-2827.
27. Ryoo S, Park JH, Kim SJ, Kim GM, Chung CS, Lee KH, et al. Branch occlusive disease: clinical and magnetic resonance angiography findings.
Neurology 2012;78:888-896.
28. Klein IF, Lavallee PC, Mazighi M, Schouman-Claeys E, Labreuche J, Amarenco P. Basilar artery atherosclerotic plaques in paramedian and lacunar pontine infarctions: a high-resolution MRI study.
Stroke 2010;41:1405-1409.
29. Bang OY, Joo SY, Lee PH, Joo US, Lee JH, Joo IS, et al. The course of patients with lacunar infarcts and a parent arterial lesion: similarities to large artery vs small artery disease.
Arch Neurol 2004;61:514-519.
30. Bash S, Villablanca JP, Jahan R, Duckwiler G, Tillis M, Kidwell C, et al. Intracranial vascular stenosis and occlusive disease: evaluation with CT angiography, MR angiography, and digital subtraction angiography.
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:1012-1021.